Acknowledgement | My Assignment Tutor

IMPACT OF ADMINISTRATIVE EFFICIENCY IN IMPLEMENTING CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS IN IRAQ Acknowledgement First of all, I would like to thank my professor who has given me such a wonderful opportunity to complete this master thesis and acquire knowledge associated with international project management practices. The given situation “Impact of administrative efficiency in implementing construction project in Iraq” has made me extremely insightful which can aid me in future for explaining more comprehensive ideologies. For that, I would be thankful to my peers and other assessors who have supported me throughout my academic journey, especially for conducting this empirical and cognitive study. Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction.. 5 1.1 Background of the research.. 5 1.1.1 Administrative efficiency in Iraqi construction projects. 6 1.1.2 Implementation of construction projects. 6 1.1.3 Implementation of construction projects in Iraq. 8 1.2 Problem Statement/Rationale. 9 1.3 Significance of the study. 12 Chapter 2: Literature Review.. 13 2.1 Review of independent and dependent variables. 13 2.1.1 Overview of Administrative efficiency. 13 2.1.2 Implementation of construction project 16 2.2 Impact of administrative efficiency in implementing Iraqi construction projects. 17 2.3 Theoretical perspectives. 19 Chapter 3: Methodology. 29 3.1 Research Framework. 30 3.3 Research design and strategy. 32 3.4 Data collection and analysis method. 33 3.5 Variable measurements. 34 3.6 Sampling size, technique and location.. 34 3.7Ethical consideration.. 35 3.8 Reliability and Validity. 35 3.9 Research Timeline. 35 3.10 Data Collection and findings. 36 3.10.1 Survey. 36 3.10.2 Interview.. 42 3.11 Findings and discussion. 47 Reference List 52 Appendix 1: Gantt chart 63 Appendix 2: Questionnaire Forms. 64 List of Figures Figure 1.1: Output growth of global construction projects. 7 Figure 1.2: Industry (including construction), value added (% of GDP) – Iraq. 9 Figure 2.1: Role of administrative efficiency in project management 15 Figure 3.2: Survey 1. 37 Figure 3.3: Survey 2. 38 Figure 3.4: Survey 3. 39 Figure 3.5: Survey 4. 40 Figure 3.6: Survey 5. 41 Figure 3.7: Survey 6. 42 List of Tables Table 1.1: Main problems of Iraqi construction industry. 10 Table 3.1: Survey 1. 36 Table 3.2: Survey 2. 38 Table 3.3: Survey 3. 39 Table 3.4: Survey 4. 40 Table 3.5: Survey 5. 41 Table 3.6: Survey 6. 42 Table 3.7: Interview 1. 44 Table 3.8: Interview 2. 45 Table 3.9: Interview 3. 47 Chapter 1: Introduction Administration department in a project plays a significant role by ensuring that each stakeholder is accountable to hold their required portion. In case of construction projects, administrative efficiency aids in building a smoother and reliable process for making buildings or designing architects so that the best customer value can be served. This part of the empirical study focuses on a comprehensive background of different construction projects in Iraq and how their administrative authority handles them simultaneously. Besides that, research objectives and aims have been formed in this part in order to allow the researcher to choose sustainable pathways to achieve those by embedding relevant information. Shortage of adequate housing has been noted in Iraq till 2018 followed by Saudi Arab, UAE and Oman (statista.com, 2020). It occurred as Iraq’s construction industry went through a drastic fall in 2017 which resulted in generating a compound annual growth rate of -9.95%. Hence, over the last few years, this industry is expected to recover and register positive growth mainly driven by governments (apnews.com, 2019). Those efforts were intended to reconstruct the damages of infrastructures during the ISIS war. This study focuses on a few construction projects in Iraq by incorporating its current progressive growth reports in order to demonstrate the efficiency of its administrative authorities. 1.1 Background of the research Due to the collapse in oil prices which significantly led Iraq to face a depressed economic environment, the construction industry in this country faced extensive damages since the year 2014. Besides that, the rise of ISIS in mid-2014 hampered investors’ conferences that caused a downturn for making investments in several construction projects in Iraq. On the other hand, Neamat and Yitmen (2017) noted that in the last few years, the construction industry has grown enormously in the Northern region of Iraq. Therefore, different companies are putting their efforts into fostering innovation and competitiveness across the country’s construction projects. Government allocated approximately IQD2.6 trillion (US$2.2 billion) for recovering certain damaged infrastructure in Iraq in July 2019 by investing in transport, energy and residential projects. In fact, a rise of several construction companies has been noted in Iraq Salahaddin Holding, AlDar International and Darwaza Group. For instance, ZamZam Group is a leading construction facilitator company that operates at highest standards headquartered in Al Ain which is a Northern territory of Iraq (zamzam-me.com, 2021). In fact, this company is also assisting the Iraqi government to execute their Ain Al Iraq’s master plan for developing new towns at Mosul in Nineveh Province 1.1.1 Administrative efficiency in Iraqi construction projects “The chief limiting factor to the success of development in Iraq may prove to be neither the amount of money for investment, nor even the limits of skilled labour and materials available, but the efficiency of the administrative machine.” Lord Salter, 1955. It has been found that Iraqi government has committed to funding around 100 billion USD for 157 Construction projects in this country. Additionally, the government also budgeted billions of USD for 85,000 residence construction projects through uplifting power plant development, revising technological artefacts and maintaining tenders consecutively (iraqbuild.org, 2021). This country is currently also focusing on consolidating upcoming projects if IRAQ BUILD which is a well-recognised international construction and construction material exhibition. The World Bank-administered Iraq Trust Fund was funded by 17 donors who sought to cooperate with different construction projects in Iraq (worldbank.org, 2013). Electricity Reconstruction projects also increased government capacity, especially in power generation projects. On the other hand, in February 2012, 112.5 km of non-rural roads were completely rehabilitated along with 103.5 km of rural roads. Al-Addal (2021) noted that General Railway Company is not only responsible for dealing with the entire railway infrastructure in Iraq but also local authorities are equally accountable to make decisions. In fact, Iraq’s local administration plays a vital role in ensuring that residents of those regions can have optimal access to transport networks that are located in their lands. From 2015 through 2019, Iraqi government planned an investment goal of IQD 319.8 trillion ($270 billion) so that they can indirectly accelerate Iraq’s macroeconomic growth (fpri.org, 2018). However, Iraq’s government put their best efforts into not only improving the country’s construction infrastructure but its administrative networks are quite efficient to give a sustainable life to its residents. 1.1.2 Implementation of construction projects Arab has been considered and addressed as the largest ethics group in Iraq where construction is a leading economic sector that belongs to the Gulf Cooperation Council region. It has been reported that by 2015, 8.3 thousand construction permits by building type have been granted for constructing residential and commercial buildings in Arab (statista.com, 2020). Jazan Economic City and Sudair Industrial City projects are two major infrastructure projects in Saudi Arabia which are valued to be 27 billion and 40 billion U.S dollars respectively. Although the downfall of oil prices badly affected construction industry, Saudi Aramco remains unchanged and strong towards their commitments to developing Jazan Economic City by implementing strict Jazan Economic City (ccc.net, 2017). On the other hand, Sudair Industrial City is also currently experiencing implementation of a huge number of projects by embedding costs of SR572 million and SR205 million in road projects. According to director-general of the Saudi Industrial Property Authority, Saleh Al-Rasheed added 150 factories under construction in order to strategically position Sudair Industrial City (arabnews.com, 2013). It has been forecasted that volume of global construction industry would grow by 85% to $15.5 trillion worldwide by 2030 which would be accountable for leading global economic growth by 53%. On another side, an inclination of global construction output growth has been claimed to be noted in 2020 with a 3.4% stability till 2023 (globaldata.com, 2019). Figure 1.1: Output growth of global construction projects (Source: globaldata.com, 2019) In terms of worldwide construction projects, two major aims can be highlighted which are meant to uplift London Cross rail Project and Dubailand projects. The Cross rail project was sought to connect Elizabeth line east-west railway across London so that a high-frequency service can be given to suburban passengers (crossrail.co.uk, 2017). This entire project was implemented by adopting an industry-leading approach for alluring a sustainable quality management process in order to make improvements across stations and tunnelling contracts. On the other hand, Dubailand intended to implement blockchain projects in 2018 through which the city became able to become fully integrated with profound housing solutions.  1.1.3 Implementation of construction projects in Iraq Currently, Iraq contains three biggest construction projects and tenders such as Al Muthana Ceramic Walls & Facades Factory, Baghdad-Kut-Umara-Basra Railway Network and Southern Iraq Integrated Project Basrah (SIIP). In terms of implementation, the Iraqi government has granted funding worth $20 billion in Southern province of al-Muthanna (albawaba.com, 2021). This project has been seeking to construct power stations and factories for floors and porcelain along with a production capacity of 32,000 m2 per day. In order to give a fine space and architect, initially, $2 billion was invested in developing 2 sites closer to the Samawah refinery so that rest of project can be completed easily. It has been viewed that Iraqi construction projects have been mainly influenced by the factors associated with cost control measurements and strong investigation of Iraqi professional highly-experienced engineers (Ali et al. 2019). Intervention of administrative intellectuals in terms of government and project advisory groups have led Baghdad-Kut-Umara-Basra Railway Network project to be valued at a cost of over USD 2.5 billion. Iraqi Ministry of Transport and an Alstom-led consortium along with Hyundai Engineering & Construction invented a strategic framework to implement the railway project. Their solidified agreement was based on fostering supply of rolling stock, tracks, electromechanical systems and associated civil works. Similarly, Iraq Ministry of Oil and Total are endeavouring towards finalising an agreement worth $7bn through which they can uplift the country’s energy sector. Southern Iraq Integrated Project Basra has been implemented to leverage the proliferation of Iraq’s diversification plans and influencing this country’s people to fully integrate with utilisation of renewable energy. This is an on-going project in the oil field development where Iraq also involved U.S. oil super major ExxonMobil in a prime position in terms of their project strategy. Hence, researcher has tried to put all such information together ahead in this study to develop a mutual and comprehensive understanding regarding the significance of administration in implementing construction projects. 1.2 Problem Statement/Rationale Development and intense competition in construction sector of Iraq have led to several failures as compared to its neighbouring countries in the world. However the construction industry plays an important role in the overall economic growth of Iraq where it contributes 49.9% to the national GDP (Worldbank.org, 2019). This highlights that the construction industry despite facing issues has been one of the major contributors to GDP and focusing on this aspect the government and construction companies have come up with effective administrative strategies for overcoming and improving the overall scenario of Iraq. Figure 1.2: Industry (including construction), value added (% of GDP) – Iraq (Source: Worldbank.org, 2019) The major problems that the Iraq construction industry has been facing are problems related to natural environment, contract parties, specifications and material adaptation in terms of quality, financial problems, implementation of advanced technologies and political and administrative issues (jeasd.org, 2018). These issues have been highly impacting the construction industry of Iraq as it creates poor project performance and an increase in the cost of raw materials throughout the country. In addition to this, consecutive poor productivity of construction projects in Iraq due to these issues have created a shortage of skilled labour and increase in the number of injuries and accidents in construction sites. Most of the employees are finding employment outside Iraq where project successful rates are higher and administrative policies are more practically implemented. Table 1.1: Main problems of Iraqi construction industry (Source: jeasd.org, 2018) The above table highlights that the political and administrative problems, issues related to tender documents and work ethics have been creating high negative impacts on Iraq construction industry whereas financial, technological and quality material adaptation issues are comparatively lower and can be managed by the construction companies in Iraq. Taking the case of political issues there have always been restrictions and obstacles between owners (Iraqi government) and contracting stakeholders in terms of continuous changes in prices, profit rates of contractors and contractors and workers facilities from government administration (jeasd.org, 2018). There have been many private construction companies like Zamzam Groups, ALTaher Engineering and Construction Company and Al-Burhan Construction that have been exploiting their contractors and workers under the Iraqi government policies which on other hand have hindered development in construction industry.  In 2017 , Iraq’s construction industry suffered a steep downturn contracting by 25.0% in real terms which was due to depressed economic conditions, low oil prices and political instability (conflicts between Islamic State in Iraq and Syria) (apnews.com, 2019). Therefore poor investments and lack of investors’ confidence led to a downfall in the infrastructural development of construction activities across the country where the whole industry posted a negative growth between 2013 and 2017. However the industry is expected to recover and regain its positive growth by the administration efforts as most of the infrastructure was damaged during the ISIS war.  In the Iraq construction industry it has been identified that many times tenders have been approved without having a proper check on it by the contractors or stockholders. People bidding the tender documents lack sufficient knowledge that does not match the government and company administrative policies which has been a big obstacle for private construction sector to operate (iopscience.iop.org, 2020). Financial obligations and mis-implementation of standard bidding documents have also been one of the major issues that restrict funding from external sources and sanctioning of tenders. Delay in construction projects has been another major issue in Iraq where a very handful percentage of construction projects were completed within the stipulated time. This creates a negative impact on the society and development of Iraq as most of the construction projects have been delayed. Derived from the research of Mohammed and Jasim (2015), it can be stated that in Saudi Arabia including Iraq it has been found that only 30% of the overall construction project has been completed in fixed deadlines. Construction enterprises hold 51% responsibility for project delay followed by project Manager with 30% and client with 19% of the delay responsibility.  Iraq’s construction industry has been facing an increase in the number of accidents and lack of safety performance in the sites. In 2018, around 38% of the total accidents were experienced in Iraq construction industry which was due to poor safety performance and the negative influence of pressuring employees to meet project objectives. In the views of Buniya et al. (2021), it can be stated that safety regulations are inadequately enforced by government despite advance construction methods and technologies and thus attention towards safety were lacking. There has always been a lack of research on safety and security of workers in construction sites. Thus the safety programmes are not properly implemented leading to failure of meeting the modern competitive business needs and poor safety awareness. Hazardous chemicals, low quality construction materials and lack of safety training of employees are major issues that are causing delay in the completion of construction projects in Iraq along with low work ethics (Ali et al. 2019). Safety related resources, unreasonable project scheduling and inappropriate safety policies and regulations have been leading to an increase in the average accident rates in construction sites. 1.3 Significance of the study This study aims to evaluate the important and different factors associated with administrative efficiency for implementing construction projects in Iraq by aligning key evidence based on the country’s historical and existing information. The study focuses on the impacts of administrative efficiency in implementing construction projects in Iraq. It has been seen that administrative departments have been helping construction companies to ensure completion of industrial and technological projects in a much smoother and productive way. The construction industry in Iraq contributes around 49% to the overall country’s GDP making it one of the most essential sectors in Iraq. Therefore government and construction companies have formulated different policies that would not only help them to effectively complete the construction projects but would also minimise the risks that have chances to arise. Further, this study talks about two major infrastructure projects in Saudi Arabia called Jazan Economic City and Sudair Industrial City. These projects have highlighted major policies that government and company administrations have put forward in the completion of different projects and how much these policies can be effective on the construction industry of Iraq. Understanding the administrative policies related to construction industry is important as it focuses on both general and logistics aspects seeking favourable resolutions on an urgent basis. These policies help top management of construction industry to create a parallel contact with government officials along with large MNCs in Iraq. Moreover, this study also highlights the crucial factors that influence the implementation of policies along with challenges that are associated with the implementation of administration. Potential strategies for eliminating challenges have also added to the overall significance of this study including mitigating strategies with strong value from both practical as well as theoretical perspectives. 1.4 Research objectives 1.5 Research questions Chapter 2: Literature Review 2.0 Introduction This chapter of the study gives a clear picture about the independent and development variables such as administrative efficiency and implementation of Iraqi construction projects respectively by analysing its significance. In order to portray a fine correlation between certain variables, a conceptual framework has been drawn in the chapter so that better meaning and hypothesis can be developed further. Apart from that, key challenges in terms of risks and threats related to the intervention of administration in construction projects have been highlighted as well. 2.1 Review of independent and dependent variables 2.1.1 Overview of Administrative efficiency Administration is a conventional term that has been contextualised in several projects to manage stakeholders’ duties and responsibilities by incorporating uncountable rules for measuring their acts ethically and professionally. An administrative department can belong to the government of public affairs who is accountable for rendering services and directing employment affairs related to a country’s specific infrastructure. According to Japura (2021), administrative efficiency is mainly built upon required management models where the state becomes a facilitating entity. They apply coercive measures to generate or add values among individual service platforms through which administration can design public institutions for enabling macroeconomic management. Public administrations can be associated with transportation, community or economic development, education, law enforcement, public safety, housing and emergency management. On the other hand, private administration can be referred to as business or commercial activities of non-political nature that include planning, production, marketing, financing, controlling and coordinating based on management theories. Donahue and Witt (2019) viewed that private administrations are partially bureaucratic, partially management and partially entrepreneurial which led them to form their own duties and rules for recreating their own image. Adversely, public administration addresses issues indulging in a nation’s socio-economic growth for promoting further development of certain socio-economic infrastructure so that they can achieve individuals’ common goal. In such circumstances, administrative efficiency or effectiveness are the key drivers for making long-term changes within national mechanisms through which citizens’ demand can be met consequently. As project management has become integrated within all spheres of life and human activities, administrative tasks are equally growing related to the implementation of such projects for developing national territories (Tryhuba et al. 2020). Administrative efficiency can be defined as a private and public organisational pillar based on which they can produce desired results with a minimum expenditure of energy, time, money, personnel and materials. For instance, The Association of Commonwealth Universities (ACU) is well-recognised for working to enhance higher education in Commonwealth countries by collaborating with e Staff and Educational Development Association (SEDA). SEDA belongs to a middle-level university administration that embeds their efficacy in improving learning and teaching algorithms among individuals despite being often undervalued (Willis and Jennings, 2020). Similarly, it has been viewed that infrastructure projects play a vital part in leading socio-economic development of cities, regions, municipalities and states along with administrative-territorial formations (ATF). In that case, public and private administrations work collaboratively by embedding their ultimate efficiency to foster such integration so they can contribute a larger part to their country’s macroeconomic upliftments. For instance, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) has undertaken the Bureau of Public Roads in U.S so that they can embed further improvisation in America’s transportation system (Batkovskiy et al. 2017). Additionally, Crossrail projects have trumped the glory of transportation across the city of London so that it can provide diversified transportation services to high-frequency suburban passengers. In order to strengthen and accelerate growth of certain facilities, UK government including Mayor of London, TFL, DFT and HM treasury invested £825m fund for final phase of cross rail project. In fact, UK government’s Secretary of State for Transport accredited The Crossrail Act 2008 by giving it a royal assent so that project can acquire required lands for improving railway infrastructure (crossrail.co.uk, 2017). Therefore, it has been viewed that in case of project management, administration aids each stakeholder to uplift their performances for bringing more concrete and robust outputs. Figure 2.1: Role of administrative efficiency in project management (Source: Influenced by Donahue and Witt, 2019) 2.1.2 Implementation of construction project Construction projects are mainly associated with constructing buildings or architects under the strong supervision and controlling mechanisms of civil engineers. As per Banihashemi et al. (2017), need for economic growth in developing countries has fuelled a huge demand for construction projects although it has overshadowed the environmental concerns. On the other hand, construction projects have been also imposing potential and profound influences over developing countries by leveraging their communities, environment and social features. Kabirifar and Mojtahedi (2019) argued that construction industry is quite complex and fragmented with regards to worldwide supply chain, products and processes due to facing manufacturing dilemmas in past decades. Therefore, productivity and efficiency of construction projects are mainly measured through its triple constraints such as scopes, time and cost so that its critical success factors can be analysed. Al Maktoum International Airport, Jubail II, South-North Water Transfer Project in China and High-Speed Railway in California has been addressed as largest construction projects worldwide. In that case, construction administrators implement a series of tasks that are required to be performed by architects or an official governing body for ensuring timely execution of each project phase. As a paradigm, the housing development strategy of Russian Federation up to 2025 intended to accomplish goal of providing population with comfortable and affordable housing. In this regard, Matveeva (2020) noted that construction management system or administration made changes following tasks given by government of Russian Federation. As a result, this project is only implemented with a strong investment platform settled by Russian government but also solved problems related to multifaceted project processes. Similarly, Jurong Region Line (JRL) is a Singapore-based railway expansion project where Land Transport Authority (LTA) awarded its value with approximately $682.5 million through which existing residential development would be fostered (lta.gov.sg, 2020). By taking the reference of the WestConnex project in Sydney, it has been denoted as Australia’s largest transport infrastructure project. Therefore, Coalition and the Australian Labor Party both committed to fund that project with $1.5 billion till Federal Election 2013 (anao.gov.au, 2017). Further implementation was done by granting more $2 billion concessional loans by Australian Government. In order to add more value for producing faster outcomes, interest rates of that loan kept lower without any margin compared to other market rates by Australian government. However, project administrators in terms of governing bodies not only advocate the entire project but also oversee its daily functions by ensuring deadlines and meeting compliance requirements consecutively. 2.2 Impact of administrative efficiency in implementing Iraqi construction projects It has been viewed that OPEC members Iraq are planning to build 12 new residential cities through which they can tackle housing crisis caused by ISIS war. In this way, they have also intended to foster more population growth similar to “Bismaya City” where people can easily afford their housing solutions. On the other hand, Iraqi cabinet has agreed to grant Dubai-based Emaar Properties so that Baghdad International Airport (BIAP) can be developed by acquiring such lands (iraq-businessnews.com, 2021). In fact, the regular cabinet also committed to make those lands available for further investments associated with implementation of entrepreneurial ventures. Currently, Iraq is undergoing three major construction projects such as Al Muthana Ceramic Walls & Facades Factory, Baghdad-Kut-Umara-Basra Railway Network and Southern Iraq Integrated Project (SIIP). Head of al-Muthanna Investment Authority has aimed to include a power plant along with a factor for floors and porcelain whereas production capacity of 32,000 m2 per day can be entitled. Although Iraqi government granted $20 billion for this project, $2 billion was invested initially for preparing only two sites whereas construction of sanitary facilities were included thereafter with further investments (aa.com.tr, 2021). However, Iraqi Ministry of Electricity has been endeavouring to connect international countries for administrative alliances so that they can add more power to second phase of Samawa project. Perhaps rebuilding power infrastructure has been extremely critical for Iraq but with the assistance of General Electric, Iraqi government is implementing 14 gigawatts worth of power projects. Hence, it became convenient for Iraqi government to resist disruptions of electrical power supply by stopping prompted protests against them which is a part of their strategic overhaul for Iraq’s utility sector. During this project, Enka played a vital role that is a Turkish engineering and construction firm for making a consortium agreement with GE in January 2017 (enka.com, 2021). They not only undertook project management works for Samawa project for supporting Iraqi government but also administered this project by designing works and manufacturing and delivering those to sites. Hatem et al. (2018) argued that Building Information Modelling (BIM) is a unified system belonging to construction projects which is still not implemented due to a lack of Iraqi government’s efforts. The authors also alleged that poor knowledge of Iraqi government toward upholding BIM in their construction projects are imposing potential barriers that are resistant to change. In fact, Iraqi government has not played any distinctive role in adopting and disseminating modern technological artefacts which is continuously disrupting Iraqi construction sector instead of administering it effectively. Al Hadithi (2018) also added that a lot of construction projects in Iraq are heavily struggling with delay in implementation. It has been caused due to Iraq’s sufferings from several political crises between 2003 to 2014 and such circumstances temporarily and permanently abandoned construction projects in that particular country. Israeli attacks, strikes, border closures, lack of project-oriented materials in market, shortages of construction equipment at sites and delays of project deliveries have been accused of diminishing implementation of Iraqi construction sectors. On the other hand, Hasan and Mohammed (2018) explained that time overrun is a mainstream concern which is leading Iraq to encounter many significant issues and delays in public works. Additionally, challenges related to international affairs including oil spill over, sanitation, pollution and land degradation have also prevented Iraqi construction projects from implementation through the interference of strong public and private administration. Khaleel and Hadi (2017) added contractors’ financial difficulties, shortages of skilled manpower, non-uniformed changes in economy, consultant slack of judgement and unavailability of equipment are threats to Iraqi construction industry. Hence, there is an urgent need of mainstream attention and effective administrative efficiency in Iraqi construction sector for avoiding time overrun. On contrary, Shawkat et al. (2018) argued that in the last ten years, Republic of Iraq has witnessed a huge development in construction sector. They added that span of development market is appraised at $2.8 billion where 95% of such market is mainly controlled by Turkish construction companies like Enka. Currently, Iraq entails around 2,500 construction constructors including 59 foreign members and 324 construction companies, especially in Northern Iraq which are leading this country to have greater results in construction sector. Construction Union in Northern Iraq stated that construction costs in Iraq have increased 6 times over last 10 years and have imposed a significant growth in terms of project implementation (Shawkat et al. 2018). Such figures and growth have not only shown the administrative efficacy in modern Iraqi construction sector but also indicated strong interference of Iraqi government for further upliftments. In order to hold that substantial growth, World Bank Group member IFC funded a $50 million loan to cement and construction materials supplier Lafarge in 2011 to spur Northern Iraq’s economic recovery (ifc.org, 2011). Hence, it has been extremely beneficial for Iraqi construction sector to implement its leftover projects and build concrete housing solutions during the post-conflict situations. That loan has been sanctioned not only to increase supply of quality cement but also to cover acute domestic supply gaps and implement Iraq’s international sustainability standards. In this way, despite having extensive political issues, Iraq has been encountering a significant growth in its construction sectors which are mainly administered by national and international governments. Government and strong implementation of sufficient regulatory practices are playing a catalyst role for attracting foreign investors in Iraq through which the country’s construction infrastructure can be implemented further. 2.3 Theoretical perspectives Through tracking and searching in books and the Internet in order to arrive at studies that speak in a convergent framework of this study, the following studies were found, which were summarized in sequence from the oldest to the most recent. study of (Al-Kas, Mazirol, and Harris, 1996):  Analysis of the causes of delays in construction projects. Analysis of the reasons for delays in construction projects: He was appointed in the United States of America, in which capitals, commercial projects, engineers, experts and contracting experts were invested to determine the reasons for delaying the delivery of projects and the specific dates according to the established functional programs. The study suggested about the reasons for the delay in geographic location throughout the project, the delay caused by the general environmental practices related to the relationship, and the actual application. The study began in the study, the time of the study, the time of the study, the study began, the study message, and it was recommended to use opinions to avoid future errors. The researcher benefited from this study in formulating the questions of the questionnaire in terms of the time factor and the extent of the design of the project.  study (Loosemore, 1998) entitled: (The Impact of telecommunications infrastructure on crisis management efficiency) The impact of the communication structure on the efficiency of crisis management: It was conducted in Australia, and the case study was applied to more than one project, and its aim was to demonstrate the importance of fluidity of communication in the success of crisis management in construction projects. The study showed that the flow of information correctly leads to the reduction of conflict caused by misunderstanding, and reduces conflict and tension, and leads to clarity and enrichment of information in a short time, obtaining immediate and fast feeding. It also recommended making use of modern technology in the speed of communication, and developing an easy visual language that employees agree on for ease of application and implementation. The study has benefited the researcher in choosing the communication factor as one of the sub-factors within the work team building variable. A study by (Liu and Anthony, 1998) entitled: Construction projects and the factors influencing them outputs rating Evaluation of the outputs of construction projects and the factors affecting them It was conducted in Hong Kong, and aimed at evaluating the outputs of construction projects and knowing the factors affecting their results, and it linked the behavior of workers and performance, i.e. the abbreviation of the phrase (B-P-O) and the final outputs through a model called (Behavior – to – Performance – to – Outcome). The study concluded that there is a direct relationship between financial incentives and motivation, and recommended maximizing the evaluation system, and identifying the personal factors affecting the effectiveness of project workers. The study benefited the researcher in selecting the factors of support, motivation, and commitment within the variables under leadership competency. 4- A study (Shreif Mohamed Sabry Al attar, 1999) entitled An applied approach to building quality management and design It was conducted in Egypt, and its objective was to arrive at the development of competitive strategies in order to maintain market share. The study linked personal and professional development, human relations, management effectiveness and productivity increase, and the quality of the final product and the required service. The study concluded the need to keep pace with development and technology, the need to use computers, and the need to follow the scientific approach to management, planning and supervision during the different stages of construction projects. The study benefited the researcher. In the inclusion of these factors within the variables related to managerial skills. 5- Study (Fraser, 2000) entitled The impact of the effectiveness of the construction site managers in the success of the project characteristics The effect of the effectiveness characteristics of construction site managers on the success of projects It was conducted in Australia, and its sample included 61 residential project managers, and aimed to show the impact of the characteristics required for the personality of project managers in terms of managerial and leadership skills and its impact on the success of projects. The most important of these characteristics are: experience – educational level – membership in specialized committees and institutions – motivation – job satisfaction – ambition – leadership style. The study benefited the researcher by focusing on the importance of selecting cadres and distinguished human elements, administratively and leadership, as a key factor in avoiding project delays. 6- A study of (Miozzo and Ivory, 2000) entitled: Over the list of changes in environment projects Extent of changes in the project environment. It is the study that was conducted in Britain, in which the researchers used the interview method with the researched sample, which included all parties to the construction process such as consultants, contractors, suppliers and even investors, and its aim was to clarify the extent of existing changes in the environment of construction projects in terms of: – Relationships between all parties to the implementation process in the projects. – Mechanisms for tendering and executing tenders, methods of financing, design, supervision and implementation. Modern technology and its impact on time and cost. The study concluded that there is a strong overlap between the relations of these parties and the variables and the need to employ them in raising the level of performance and shortening the time. The researcher benefited from this study in the inclusion of technology, modern scientific concepts and knowledge awareness as important factors that fall under the scientific and cognitive competence in the questionnaire paper, as well as the inclusion of the contractor’s interaction with external parties as one of the factors under administrative competence. 7- The study of Shrief Mohamed Hafez (2001): The standards for Egyptian construction industry as an indicator of business performance Standards for the Egyptian construction industry as an indicator of business performance. It is the study conducted in Egypt, which aimed to clarify the importance of analyzing financial ratios in decision-making in the construction industry, the characteristics that distinguish this sector from other sectors, and what are the standard building standards that must be applied in the field of building and construction in Egypt. The study concluded that it is necessary to adopt a good analysis of financial ratios in order to avoid early failure in this industry, and that the continuity and growth of facilities requires a deductive model based on financial ratios to evaluate financial performance, and that the financial analysis models currently used are not keeping pace with the tremendous progress in the construction industry. The study benefited the researcher in the necessity of providing expert financial cadres in the field of contracting, keeping pace with the scientific concepts used, and paying attention to training programs and scientific lectures. 8- The study of Teo and Loosemore (2001) entitled: Lack of awareness of the impact of project managers for the types of negative behavior at the time of completion of projects. The impact of project managers’ lack of awareness of negative behavior types on project completion time. It was conducted in Australia, and its sample included workers in housing projects, and aimed to examine the attitudes of project managers towards the behavior of workers as individuals, groups or organizations. The study showed that project managers’ lack of awareness of negative types of behavior is an important reason for the delay in completing projects. It recommended the necessity of project managers to understand the human behavior of workers, design work, facilitate communication and coordinate activities among them, and use incentives to help reject negative behaviors among workers. The study has benefited the researcher in trying to reach the relative weight of support and motivation factors, fluidity of communication, and teamwork as factors that fall under administrative and leadership efficiency, which works to avoid delays in the completion of projects. 9-  study by Yasamis, Arditi, and Mohamadi (2002) entitled: The impact of classification of contractors on the development of performance The impact of contractor classification on performance development. The study was conducted in the United Kingdom, and its sample consisted of project managers in construction companies, managers and heads of departments in companies, institutions and agencies that own projects, in addition to random samples of the public used for these projects. The study aimed to develop a classification that would facilitate the development of strategies to define operations and measure and develop the quality of performance, and a list of qualitative performance indicators for contractors could be established through which a framework for evaluating their qualitative performance could be established. The study indicated that there are a number of factors affecting quality and achieving customer satisfaction, which can be categorized as follows: 1- Factors related to the product: it includes its features and aesthetics in terms of design, reliability, durability, compatibility and degree of utility. 2- Factors related to service: These include time, achievement, accuracy, courtesy and consistency. 3- Factors related to the culture of quality: These include leadership ability, empowering employees, developing relationships and information systems, analysis, soft development, reducing repeat business, and focusing on the customer. The study recommended working to radically change industrial practices, in order to improve the quality of the construction process and customer satisfaction levels. It also recommended a review of quality practices by contractors at the corporate and project levels. The study assumed the development of a model for evaluating the qualitative performance of contractors by the reference authorities, in the pre-nomination stage. This study has benefited the researcher in identifying the variables related to culture and leadership abilities and formulating them in an easy-to-understand manner within the terms of the questionnaire. 10- A study by Moore, Cheng and Dainty (2003) entitled: Performance standards for the modern enterprise managers, and roads to be followed for the development of performance Performance standards for modern project managers and the methods to be followed to develop performance: It was conducted in different regions of Britain and its sample consisted of 60 individuals by 20 individuals from project managers, and the same from contractors, as well as managers. Its purpose was to search for performance standards for project managers in modern projects, and the methods to be followed to develop performance in a way that positively reflects on project outputs. Ten criteria for ideal performance have been set, namely (achievement, success, decision-making ability, education, ability to understand and apply, level of external relations, teamwork, honesty, integrity, fluidity of communication, and self-sufficiency), and that good performance is what mixes between all these dimensions. This study has benefited the researcher in crystallizing many administrative and leadership factors that were formulated in the questionnaire. 11- Ahcom study (2004) entitled: Develop a model to be a reference to construction contractors in order to improve performance and increase efficiency Develop a reference model for construction contractors in order to improve performance and increase efficiency. It was conducted in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and included corporate managers of engineers, project managers, and consultants supervising government projects. The study aimed to build and develop a model that will be a reference for construction contractors in order to improve performance and increase efficiency, so that this model can be developed as a guide to help contracting companies. The chief is: 1- Plan well in advance. 2- Continuous monitoring by the project management. 3- Coordination between the contractor and external parties. 4- The flow of communication within the work teams. 5- Applicable governmental instructions and regulations. 6- The contractor’s ability to provide skilled labor and good materials on time. The study concluded that the contractor’s ability to form work teams from different disciplines and with sufficient expertise, and to take care of effective communication, planning and control is one of the most important reasons for completing the project within the predetermined period. before contractors and included in the questionnaire. 12- Study by Wang, Dulaimi and Arguria (2004) entitled: Risk management for the construction project in developing countries Risk management for construction project in developing countries It was conducted in Singapore, and aimed to identify the difficulties faced by construction companies in developing countries, especially in Singapore, where it classified them into difficulties at the state level, such as changes in laws, political instability, and cultural differences for international companies. Difficulties at the market level: such as lack of trained manpower corporate competition, inflation, and high interest rates. Difficulties at the project level: Weak project management, lack of productivity levels for the company, weak cash flow, changes in plans and design. The study recommended the importance of international contracting companies paying attention to working conditions in different environments from their country of origin in order to improve performance and make projects successful. The study benefited the researcher in paying attention to the factors of selection of financial and technical human resources, international companies’ understanding of environmental conditions, and the necessity of the contractor’s understanding of competition conditions, legislation and the surrounding environment within a scientific and cognitive framework. 13- A study by Cheng, Moore, Andrew (2004) entitled: Build a model for the performance of the construction project managers Building a performance model for construction project managers: It was conducted in the United Kingdom, and took the nature of a survey of the opinions of a sample of managers during a questionnaire, on the performance criteria and capabilities that must be available to achieve success. Professionalism in obtaining information – understanding customer needs – teamwork – support – logical thinking – analytical thinking – ability to set goals – flexibility). The study indicated the need for these qualities to be available by the necessity of subjecting them to training courses to develop administrative capabilities in addition to their technical capabilities. This study has benefited the researcher in formulating a questionnaire regarding the variables of administrative efficiency and leadership efficiency and the consequent sub-variables. 14- Study of Raiden and Dainty (2006) entitled: Achieving balance between the desires of individuals and the requirements of the project and know the work teams employ the strategy contractors Achieving the alignment between individual desires and project requirements and knowing the strategy of hiring contractors’ work teams. It was conducted in Britain, and the research sample included project managers in a number of construction companies. It aimed to determine how to achieve alignment between individuals’ desires and project requirements and to know the strategy for hiring contractors’ work teams. The study presented a model that combines the operational activities of employees, namely recruitment, selection, career development, teamwork, participation and training, and the need for project management to interact with human resources and senior management, with the aim of consolidating the project objectives for all employees. To enhance motivation at all organizational levels, the study benefited the researcher in formulating the items of the questionnaire related to the variables of support, motivation, commitment and participation in setting goals. 15- Study Khalid Abdul Razak Abu Alathm (2007) entitled: Evaluation of regulatory and environmental factors that affect the contractors of the construction project in Jordan’s performance Assessment of regulatory and environmental factors that affect the performance of construction project contractors in Jordan. It was conducted in Jordan, and the case study was applied to 115 construction projects, and it aimed to show the impact of environmental and regulatory factors – governmental during the period 2000-2004 on the performance of contractors in construction projects in Jordan, given that leadership ability, team building, contractors relations and the environment are independent variables that have an impact on the variables Subsidiary represented in cost, time and technical specifications. The study concluded that there is a statistically significant effect of these independent variables on the dependent variables. The study also recommended the need to work on providing theoretical and professional knowledge and then refine it with training, and to establish regulatory bodies for coordination and follow-up between contracting companies and state owners, and setting more precise standards when awarding tenders so that It is not only the lower price and the encouragement of localization of building technology by providing customs facilities, canceling taxes, and re-drafting contracting contracts with regard to early completion bonuses. The study benefited the researcher in formulating many of the questionnaire’s phrases. 16- Study of Abdul Karim Abdul Rahim Salama (2009) entitled: Administrative policies and their impact on the development of contracting business An applied study on construction companies and engineering consultancy offices in the State of Qatar. It was conducted in Qatar and its sample included 32 consulting offices and 31 contracting companies, and aimed to explore the roles played by consulting offices and contracting companies, and to identify the administrative, financial and technical problems that lead to the lack of the required efficiency, and ways to activate the performance of the role of these offices and companies. The study concluded that this is due to the ambiguous vision in understanding the duties and responsibilities of both consultants and contractors, the failure to keep pace with the scientific method and modern technology, and the general weakness in both sides administratively, financially and technically. The study recommended the necessity of adhering to the contractual specifications and conditions, the necessity of matching companies and consulting offices between their capabilities and the size of their contracts, and the need to pay attention to training, skills development and keeping pace with technology. The study benefited the researcher in formulating questionnaire items related to legal skills variables, awareness of the surrounding technical environment, and understanding the internal environment of contractors. 2. 4 Comparison between the previous studies and the current study 1- Field of study: Most of the previous studies were conducted in advanced foreign countries, and this study was conducted in Iraq. 2- Topics: Previous studies dealt with the issue of delay in time within a general holistic framework. This study focuses on the issue of delay through the shortcomings and weaknesses in the environment of construction companies in particular. 3- Study population: Most of the previous studies dealt with the opinions of construction companies only for the study community. This study dealt with the opinions of construction companies in the questionnaire stage as a first stage, and then contracting companies that have effective management in the case study stage. 4- Impact of the study: Most of the previous studies focused on showing the impact of administrative elements on both quality and cost. This study focused on showing the impact of management elements on time. 5-Case study: Most of the previous studies focused on the performance of contractors in a certain type of project. This study deals with the opinions of different groups of project managers in residential towers, and studies the implementation time in contracting companies that have effective management. 2.5 Hypotheses The main premise      The delay of construction companies in the completion of construction projects due to lack of elements of administrative efficiency, which branch into three sub-assumptions are: First Hypothesis        The delay of construction companies in the completion of construction projects is due to a lack of dimensions of leadership competence. Second Hypothesis The delay of construction companies in the completion of construction projects due to a lack of dimensions of administrative efficiency. Third sub-hypothesis The delay of construction companies in the completion of construction projects is due to a lack of dimensions of scientific and cognitive efficiency. CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY In this chapter, the research has put the best efforts in finding potential ways through which data can be assembled, analysed and evaluated together relevant for achieving the research goal. That is why Saunders Research Onion has been followed where different layers of this strategic framework led researcher to answer research questions by denoting efficient pathways and philosophies. 3.1 Research Framework 3.1.1 Research community and sample The research community includes contracting companies that engage in construction work in different disciplines, whether construction, roads, sewage, or electrical works. The research sample consists of project managers in contracting companies. search limits: Spatial boundaries: Iraq, Zamzam United Group of Companies. Time limits: the period between 2005 and 2020. 3.1.2 Search methods used   These methods are described in more detail below    Data typeResearch methodTheoretical frameworkDocumentary ResearchDescriptionDocumentary ResearchTest and analysisExperience simulation Documentary Research: Use of research based on photography (library and Internet) to understand the theoretical concepts of administrative efficiency and time management, a description of the construction project and its management by the contractor, the different stages of implementation and its relation to management and the impact of administrative efficiency over time.The experimental design was also adopted to determine the extent of differences in the execution time in the construction companies. The sample was selected by the Zamzam United Group of Companies.  3.1.3 Plan of case study         The descriptive analytical approach was adopted for the purpose of reaching the results of the study methods of data collection, and the following methods were adopted in the collection of data.First: Preliminary data   A- Questionnaire form        questionnaire form will be prepared to be distributed to selected samples in order to reach the optimal model of administrative efficiency and to measure the impact of the administrative elements affecting the time of implementation of the construction projects of Zamzam United Group. These samples represent a selection of project managers in contracting companies as the party causing the delay. The party affected by the financial consequences of the delay or moral effects such as loss of reputation and trust, the negative effects on the period of completion specified.         The questionnaire consists of three main variables, each of which, according to the researcher, represents a main cause of the delay. Each of these variables is divided into four sub-variables. Each sub-variable consists of a set of statements to measure. (Likert Scale quintet grades) for grades as follows:        Strongly Agree (5), Agree (4), Neutral (3), Disagree (2), Strongly Disagree (1).    B- Test the validity of the questionnaire    Virtual honesty:         The questionnaire was prepared and presented to a group of project managers in the contracting companies as well as presented to a number of university professors specialized in construction and construction management as arbitrators to show the consistency of their terms with the hypothesis of research. On the basis of some observations and opinions, the researcher deleted some words or the integration of each other or rephrased to fit with the correct meaning in a simplified language.Test content validity: The Alfa Krnbakh reliability factor was used. The statistically acceptable value of this test is 60%.          Second: secondary sources   Books, bibliographies, periodicals and Internet sites that dealt with the subject of the study.         Third: statistical methods used in the analysis for the purpose of data analysis SPSS was adopted statistical program 3.2 Field of Research The research plan shows the sequence of research steps. The different research methods used in this research have been developed in the system that allows the researcher to conduct his research. The plan for this research is illustrated in the following diagram: The case study plan. Moreover, this research is designed to be done within Three years. Research fieldData typeField study: field study procedures, evaluation of administrative competency elements, test hypotheses of study.Theoretical framework, descriptionAbout the construction project and its management by the contractor.Theoretical framework, descriptionThe various stages of implementation and their relation to administrative efficiency and the extent of the effectiveness of management over timeTheoretical framework, descriptionField study: field study procedures, evaluation of administrative competency elements, test hypotheses of study.Test, analysisCheck the impact of the administration on the time of implementation of the construction projects Study the implementation time in the contracting companies that have administrative efficiency.Test, analysis The research plan shows the sequence of research steps. The different research methods used in this research have been developed in the system that allows the researcher to conduct his research and to clarify the plan for this research in the following form: The case study plan. Moreover, this research is designed to be done within Three years 3.3 Research design and strategy Research methods or techniques mainly develop research design that can be characterised as Descriptive, Correlational, Causal-Comparative/Quasi-Experimental, and Experimental. In case of this cognitive study, researcher has chosen descriptive research design in order to accommodate relevant and required data for further evacuation or interpretation. Rationale behind choosing description design was to get influenced for conducting further research where researcher has explained phenomena under investigation (Sinha et al. 2018). Backed by descriptive research design, researcher has followed a structural process so that collected data can be statistically inferred on population associated with Iraqi construction industry. On the other hand, research strategy refers to specific measurements of data collection processes that are mainly undertaken based on research questions and objectives. Researcher has chosen quantitative and qualitative strategies where different questions have been developed to gain more insights directly from Iraqi construction industry professionals. As per the view of Anderson (2017), utilisation of quantitative and qualitative research strategies have consequences which are extremely valid and effective to meet research criteria easily. Through the aid of qualitative strategy, researcher has understood attitudes and behaviours of construction professionals in Iraq towards their administrative efficiency whereas quantitative strategy has helped in collecting information quickly. 3.4 Data collection and analysis method Data collection process includes accommodation and measuring information on variables of interest in an effective way and it is the most crucial and important layer of Saunders Onion. Primary data collection method has been chosen by researcher in order to attain knowledge associated with administration efficacy and its influence over Iraqi construction projects. Schuurman (2020) added that primary data collection method has been increased among the field of research due to its efficacy in understanding social studies more critically. Hence, it has been beneficial for researcher in case of this empirical thesis where extraction responses from direct sources have uplifted value and authenticity thereafter. In terms of quantitative strategy, surveys have been conducted by forming close-ended questionnaires whereas interviews have been taken simultaneously by forming open-ended questionnaires under qualitative strategy. Statistical data analysis methods have been obtained where researcher has easily evaluated concerns and real-time thinking towards Iraqi administrative power in implementing construction projects. In fact, alignment of pictorial and graphical representation have made this thesis more concrete by influencing researcher to access primary sources for drawing an ultimate conclusion further. 3.5 Variable measurements By measuring variables in this study, researcher has been able to extract value-oriented attributes from each response in an outright way. Variables can be divided into four major parts such as ratio, ordinal, nominal and interval which lead researchers to conduct more statistical analysis critically. Researcher has used ordinal variables in this study so that gap between each response can be easily visible through which actual responses of a group of participants have been measured. As the surveys have been conducted as a quantitative research strategy, hence, incorporation of ordinal variables has been extremely beneficial and convenient for researcher to embed simplicity and transparency in data analysis. 3.6 Sampling size, technique and location As the Covid-19 outbreak has caused execution of several guidelines and social-distancing restrictions in terms of preventive measures, researcher has preferred to obtain online channels for conducting surveys and interviews. From the home country, the researcher has attained telephonic interviews with three individuals who have already worked in Iraqi construction projects within manager post. Apart from that, 51 employees have been asked to complete the surveys that are currently deployed in Iraqi construction projects. Although online surveys have been organised, researcher has understood actual correlation between Iraqi administrative strength and the extent of Iraqi construction projects instead of accessing only secondary sources. Snowball sampling technique has been utilised where researcher has communicated with participants through social media platforms. Researcher asked them to recruit their colleagues or friends who were also a part of Iraqi construction projects. 3.7Ethical consideration Consent from each participant was taken by researcher before they were involved in this research so that no confusion or misconduct can be left. Apart from that, participants were included who are currently working in Iraqi construction field which have uplifted value and reliability of this study. The Malaysia Personal Data Protection Act (PDPA) of 2010 has been strictly followed by researcher so that certain confidential responses cannot be leaked out by any other third party. Information related to participants’ identity has been ensured to not disclose so that they would not face any risks or threats regarding their job termination or unnecessary media coverage. University guidelines have also been followed. 3.8 Reliability and Validity In terms of reliability, information has been obtained in this research on a first-hand basis whereas not out-dated information has been included. Besides that, information has been kept secure for resisting occurrences like data manipulation which can degrade the value of this research. However, participants have been requested to answer based on their current viewpoints and situation in Iraqi construction industry that have embedded reliability into the researcher’s efforts for producing a concrete result. 3.9Research Timeline (Refers to Appendix 1) 3.10 Data Collection and findings 3.10.1 Survey 1. How far do you agree that administrative efficiency is important for construction projects in Iraq? OptionsPercentage (%)Number of responsesTotal responsesStrongly agree39.22051Agree23.51251Neutral9.8551Disagree17.6951Strongly disagree9.8551 Table 3.1: Survey 1 Figure 3.2: Survey 1 2. Which of the following factors influence implementation of a construction project? OptionsPercentage (%)Number of responsesTotal responsesPost ISIS war23.51251Globalisation17.6951Economic development15.7851Technological implementation13.7751Administrative efficiency of Turkish construction companies29.41551 Table 3.2: Survey 2 Figure 3.3: Survey 2 3. Do you agree that administrative efficiency and implementation of construction projects in Iraq are strongly correlated? OptionsPercentage (%)Number of responsesTotal responsesStrongly agree29.41551Agree33.31751Neutral5.9351Disagree13.7751Strongly disagree17.6951 Table 3.3: Survey 3 Figure 3.4: Survey 3 4. Which of the following challenges are associated with intervention of administration in implementing construction projects in Iraq? OptionsPercentage (%)Number of responsesTotal responsesStrict Government regulations21.61151Lack of knowledge of project managers17.6951Political corruptions21.61151Financial constraint9.8551Time overrun and delay in project completion29.41551 Table 3.4: Survey 4 Figure 3.5: Survey 4 5. Which of the following intervention strategies would you recommend to eliminate the challenges of construction projects in Iraq? OptionsPercentage (%)Number of responsesTotal responsesInternational alliances29.41551Technological advancement15.7851Foreign Direct investments27.51451Project Learning Development programs13.7751Strict time maintenance13.7751 Table 3.5: Survey 5 Figure 3.6: Survey 5 6. Do you feel that government interventions can be implemented for bringing efficiency in construction projects? OptionsPercentage (%)Number of responsesTotal responsesYes54.92851No35.31851Not answered9.8551 Table 3.6: Survey 6 Figure 3.7: Survey 6 3.10.2 Interview 1. How government policies and regulations support the implementation of construction projects? Project Manager 1Project Manager 2Project Manager 3In my opinion administrative policies and strategies play a very vital role in construction of projects in Iraq. Government interventions and corporate policies form the overall administration that looks after the construction industry. I believe that government guidelines are very much important for companies to maintain uniformity instead of exploiting employees. These strategies and interventions can help in further risk mitigation and at the same time would lead to a less chaotic situation. In my workplace as a project manager I faced different administrative strategies that were beneficial to me As a guideline for carrying out my work.Well I do not think administrative strategies are fruitful for construction companies in Iraq. Most of the construction projects are handled by corporate companies and they have their own set of rules and regulations. Government intervention can create a strict vigilance on such companies and they would be unable to work freely. Government and administrative interventions would be the same for all companies despite the type of project they are handling and market scenario they are operating in. So in different situations implementation of these strategies can be difficult. As a project manager I have faced situations where strategies need to be changed depending on the current scenario and therefore I feel that any fixed administrative strategies would be just a burden on these construction companies.To some extent I also feel that government intervention strategies along with corporate working policies are important in the construction industry as it sets a guideline of overall working pattern. This would also lead to less political corruption as there would be a fixed strategic line that the companies need to follow. However, in my opinion, there are some leases on some strategies that differ based on the project types. To make it more effective, Iraq government can come in collaboration with large construction companies in the global market and then can make decisions with proper knowledge and obstacles that are mainly faced in this industry. Table 3.7: Interview 1 2. What are the common challenges associated with administrative interventions in implementing construction projects in Iraq? Project Manager 1Project Manager 2Project Manager 3In the past few construction projects I was engaged with, I realised that the main problem we managers face is shortage of resources, both financial and raw materials. These basic obstacles further create challenges in completion of projects on time leading to more delay in the work process. Most of the construction projects that I was involved with faced delay and time overrun which on the other hand increased employee wages for workers who were in construction sites. Further I have noticed that delay in project completion created dissatisfaction among clients who often tried to withdraw the project contract from construction companies.While working on my last project the major challenge that I faced was financial constraints. With the fluctuating price of raw materials it becomes difficult for project managers to continue with the pre-planned financial budget. As a project manager I tried to keep some extra budget in hand for dealing with price fluctuation of raw materials but the project engineer and my clients thought it to be wastage of financial resources. Extreme financial constraints and lack of investment in the latter half of project meant we had to use low quality raw materials to meet budget. This often creates pressure on Project planner As he would be the responsible person when quality inspection would be done by government engineers.According to me the most important challenge that I feel is the lack of technologies. Due to lack of technologies there is no proper implementation and utilisation of resources. This creates barriers in financial management and a delay in work as most of work is done manually by workers. I feel that with technological implementation there can be a faster growth in project progress and can reduce manual labour. Technological advancement for me is a one-time investment that can give productive outcomes for many years and the only cost that is required is for its maintenance. In this context, according to me Iraq’s construction industry is mainly suffering from technological advancement which can be done with a one-time foreign investment and the industry can benefit from other relatable challenges. Table 3.8: Interview 2 3. How administrative strategies could be improved for better efficiency in Construction projects in Iraq? Project Manager 1Project Manager 2Project Manager 3Increasing foreign direct investment in Iraq’s construction projects can help in mitigating the challenges that bring down productivity. As a project manager for past 10 years, I feel that with a lump sum foreign direct investment, construction companies can not only increase the quality of resources and pace of work but can also implement advanced technological machinery that can bring progressive output in future. In fact Iraq government can also attract global investors in its construction sector so that they could invest and as a strategy the government can give lease on taxes and interest rates. This to some extent also helps in forming international alliances that would be beneficial for construction companies to secure larger project contracts.  I have handled many international projects and I feel that international alliance with global corporations would give a better opportunity to Iraq construction industry to flourish and expand its market.I have faced many challenges while working as a supervisor and project manager in different companies and I feel that the only way these challenges can be mitigated is strict government guidelines. In my opinion the government holding the supreme power of all business activities, operating in its domestic area, has the right to frame policies that both public and private construction companies need to follow. This would also bring down the chances of political corruption and misusing financial resources by companies. I also feel that Iraq government can come up with a strategy where certain deadlines would be given for a project in its planning phase to complete and no further extension would be allowed for project completion. However to make sure that there is no compromise with quality of raw material utilised in project construction, government engineers can be appointed for quality inspection. Therefore these strategies would help government to be aware of all activities happening in construction industry of Iraq.As a project manager I believe that fixing up time limits for project completion would be much more effective than any other intervention strategies. In my working time period I realised that fixing deadlines in initial stage would reduce delay in working process and ensure that there is proper allocation of time for every project to complete and recheck for risk mitigation. Therefore maintaining a strict timeline would ensure completion of projects on time and would also satisfy clients with quality work on time. In addition to this I have also faced issues related to time management which also created lack of resources and unnecessary increase in employee wage. This to some extent has increased the overall budget leading to very limited profit for construction companies. Table 3.9: Interview 3 3.13 Findings and discussion An online survey was conducted among 51 project employees irrespective of projects they are engaged with. The survey was based on a pre-planned questionnaire related to the impact of administrative efficiency in implementing construction projects in Iraq. More than 50% of employees agreed that administrative efficiency plays an important role in construction projects in Iraq and therefore more such administrative strategies need to be implemented. However, a certain percent of employees (17.6%) do not find the involvement of administration important in construction projects and believe that it is mostly handled by corporate companies in Iraq. In relation to second survey question regarding factors affecting construction projects, 15 out of 51 employees stated that administrative efficiency of Turkish construction companies have been the major factor affecting Iraq construction projects. Around 23.5 % of responses were highlighting the post ISIS war as a factor that has been affecting the implementation of administrative policies in construction projects. Globalisation, economic development and technological implementation has also got considerable responses as prominent factors. Thus it can be stated that Iraq construction projects are mostly run by Turkish companies and therefore their administrative policies are expected to be strengthened for efficiency in construction projects (Wu and Li, 2018). Around 32 employees out of 51 had agreed and strongly agreed to the fact that administration efficiency in strategies and policies are highly related to Iraq construction projects. Hence developmental changes in such strategies can also bring efficiency in the construction projects of Iraq. Around 9 respondents strongly disagreed with this opinion and had put up a statement that construction projects do not have any correlation with administrative policies and strategies.    Further while conducting this survey it has been identified that most of the employees found time overrun and delay in project completion as main challenge affecting construction projects in Iraq. 15 out of 51 employees have experienced unusual extension of project deadlines and delay in project operations in their respective projects which have hampered project completion. In addition to this, a prominent figure of responses stated that strict government regulations and political corruption were also a frequent challenge that was associated with administration policies in construction projects in Iraq. Despite these major challenges, financial constraints and lack of knowledge of project managers also were responsible for creating a negative impact on such projects (Rose and Stegemann, 2018). Thus, these challenges can be considered as major setbacks that construction projects often face and need special guidance from government interventions. Focusing on these problems the survey also upholds a set of mitigating strategies and secured response of employees who have encountered such challenges. Majority of the employees recommended that international alliance with other corporate companies and Foreign Direct Investments (FDI) in construction projects can help in overcoming the negative impacts. They believe that with better financial investments there would not be any deficiency in resources and the overall projects can run smoothly. Technological advancements and projects learning programmes also received considerate responses from employees as one of the major mitigating strategies that project planners can adopt along with strict maintenance of time (Nguyen and Nguyen, 2020). More than 54% of the respondents agreed to the fact that government interventions are important in construction projects and can bring efficiency in quality of project completion. They believe that for both private and government construction projects there should be strict guidelines that need to be followed so as to avoid project challenges. On contrary to their opinion, 35% of the respondents disagreed with this fact and highlighted that government interventions are not necessary for project completion as it is only run by individual construction companies who have their own policies and regulations. They also believe that government interventions can also increase the burden on construction companies with certain political limitations which in future can hamper the construction projects. Therefore from the survey conducted in this research it has been analysed that most employees think administrative interventions and strategies to be one of the most important parts in construction projects in Iraq. The construction sector in Iraq plays a vital role in the country’s GDP contributing 49% of the total GDP growth. Government and other administrative bodies need to monitor the overall operations in this sector with an aim to benefit quality production. As per the views put forward by Rad et al. (2018), it can be stated that for constructing any project, companies need to follow common constructing guidelines set by the government and project engineers plan accordingly. Even in the case of private construction projects, government regulations play a vital role in setting limitations in resource usage and helping employees to get their workplace rights. The interview was conducted with three project managers who had good work experience in the construction field in Iraq. These managers were engaged with high budget projects with international alliances and can deliver potential information to this study. 2 out of 3 managers agreed to this fact that administrative strategies play a vital role in overall construction industry and it is important for them to set a uniform guideline for an enhanced workplace. They also stated that administration strategies include both government policies and corporate interventions that can help construction companies to overcome their risks like disrupted working pattern, lack of financial resources, poor quality usage of raw materials and delay in project completion (Mason, 2017). They strongly recommended the government to form policies as it was observed that more than 70% of projects in Iraq suffered from delay in completion increasing cost of workers. However their viewpoint was contradicted by a manager who stated that administrative interventions can create strict limitations for construction projects. Construction projects in his opinion differ from one place to the other and so any specific set of guidelines can create unnecessary restrictions for project planners as well as project managers (Pan et al. 2019). He also realised from his past experiences that administrative interventions can create a burden on construction companies as most of its working processes are handled by privately owned corporate companies. According to first manager it was observed that shortage of resources and financial capital was the main problem that they have faced. In past projects where he was engaged he stated that financial constraints and shortage of resources including raw material and labourers created obstacles in project completion leading to delay in execution. These delay further increases the employee wages which becomes difficult for project managers to make up within stipulated financial investments from clients. This scenario often leads to project losses and cancellation of construction contracts. His viewpoint was supported by another manager who stated that having a fixed budget in planning phase often ignores the fluctuating price of raw materials in market which at the end brings low quality resources to cope up. As these projects are mainly profit oriented, using extra budget allocation can be treated as mis-usage and thus completion of project in prefixed budget leads to low quality materials holding the project manager responsible for inspection. In contrast to their opinion, third interviewed manager stated that technological advancement in construction companies can be a fruitful strategy as it requires a one-time investment giving productive outcomes for many years with minimum cost of maintenance. According to him, delay in work and financial management can only be met with technological advancement where there would be full utilisation of resources and lesser scope for project delay. A manager working for past 10 years with different construction projects stated that Foreign Direct Investment in the construction industry would be the best option for mitigating the challenges and increasing productivity. Foreign Direct Investment can also lead to international alliances of construction companies bringing better technological implementation. This would also attract global investors to invest in construction companies and would increase the development of the country’s GDP. On the other hand another manager stated that setting strict government guidelines can help in bringing uniformity in construction industry with less political corruption and no exploitation of employees. In Iraq construction industry it has been identified that projects often suffer from time overrun leading to delay in project completion and unnecessary wastage of construction materials. 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Appendix 1: Gantt chart Stages of research1st week2nd week3rd week4th week5th week6th week7th week8th weekTopic selection and approval        Planning the research components        Conducting literature review         Framing aim and objectives        Research methodology selection        Conducting primary data         Data analysis         Conclusion and recommendations’        Draft preparation        Final project submission         Appendix 2: Questionnaire Forms 1. How far do you agree that administrative efficiency is important for construction projects in Iraq? OptionsPercentage (%)Number of responsesTotal responsesStrongly agree  51Agree  51Neutral  51Disagree  51Strongly disagree  51 2. Which of the following factors influence implementation of a construction project? OptionsPercentage (%)Number of responsesTotal responsesPost ISIS war  51Globalisation  51Economic development  51Technological implementation  51Administrative efficiency of Turkish construction companies  51 3. Do you agree that administrative efficiency and implementation of construction projects in Iraq are strongly correlated? OptionsPercentage (%)Number of responsesTotal responsesStrongly agree  51Agree  51Neutral  51Disagree  51Strongly disagree  51 4. Which of the following challenges are associated with intervention of administration in implementing construction projects in Iraq? OptionsPercentage (%)Number of responsesTotal responsesStrict Government regulations  51Lack of knowledge of project managers  51Political corruptions  51Financial constraint  51Time overrun and delay in project completion  51 5. Which of the following intervention strategies would you recommend to eliminate the challenges of construction projects in Iraq? OptionsPercentage (%)Number of responsesTotal responsesInternational alliances  51Technological advancement  51Foreign Direct investments  51Project Learning Development programs  51Strict time maintenance  51 6. Do you feel that government interventions can be implemented for bringing efficiency in construction projects? OptionsPercentage (%)Number of responsesTotal responsesYes  51No  51Not answered  51   Interview 1. How government policies and regulations support the implementation of construction projects? Project Manager 1Project Manager 2Project Manager 3    2. What are the common challenges associated with administrative interventions in implementing construction projects in Iraq? Project Manager 1Project Manager 2Project Manager 3    3. How administrative strategies could be improved for better efficiency in Construction projects in Iraq? Project Manager 1Project Manager 2Project Manager 3   

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